Overview: Since the groundbreaking discovery of gravitational waves, the scientific community has fervently pursued the exploration of low-frequency gravitational waves to glean deeper insights into the cosmos. The inherent limitations of ground-based conditions, however, pose formidable challenges for detectors in capturing gravitational waves below the 1 Hz threshold. Consequently, the imperative has shifted toward the deployment of space-based gravitational wave detectors as the paramount solution for effective low-frequency gravitational wave detection. At the crux of space-based gravitational wave detection lies the pivotal role of spaceborne telescopes. Given the expansive transmission distances spanning magnitudes of 10⁹ m between celestial constellations, the demand for nanoradian-level precision in telescope pointing accuracy becomes non-negotiable. The concomitant necessity for high-precision measurements and calibration emerges as a prerequisite for achieving the exacting standards of pointing accuracy in spaceborne telescopes dedicated to gravitational wave detection. To ameliorate the deleterious effects of pointing deviations on gravitational wave detection, this study strategically optimizes key parameters, including microlens structures, detector selection, and algorithmic frameworks, thereby achieving a breakthrough in high-precision pointing deviation measurements. Leveraging a low-density microlens array with extended sub-aperture focal lengths enhances the spatial scale of the light spot within each sub-aperture. This, coupled with detectors boasting a high signal-to-noise ratio, synergistically elevates the pointing detection accuracy of each discrete lens. Moreover, the paper introduces an innovative, Hartmann principle-based methodology for high-precision pointing deviation measurements, deploying a spatially reused paradigm across multiple sub-apertures. By aggregating measurement results from diverse sub-apertures, the approach effectively mitigates the influence of assorted random errors on measurement accuracy, thereby markedly enhancing the precision of pointing deviation measurements. Illustrating the efficacy of these methodologies, the paper exemplifies their application within the ambit of the "Tianqin Plan" for space-based gravitational wave detection. Employing numerical simulations and factoring in the design parameters of the Hartmann sensor, the study performs a meticulous analysis of pointing deviation measurement accuracy. Comparative analysis between single sub-aperture and sub-aperture correlation reuse technologies reveals a compelling enhancement in measurement accuracy, approximating a sevenfold improvement with the latter. The pointing deviation measurement accuracy achieved through sub-aperture correlation reuse technology is quantified at approximately 18.81 nanoradians. Considering the optical magnification inherent in spaceborne telescopes, estimated at around 30 times, the resultant pointing deviation measurement accuracy reaches an impressive 0.62 nanoradians. This design precision significantly surpasses the stipulated 1 nanoradian accuracy requirement for ground-based gravitational wave pointing deviation measurements. As a prudential measure, the proposed design incorporates a substantial margin to accommodate potential accuracy diminution attributable to external perturbations during empirical testing.

Multiaxial neutron/x-ray imaging and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques play a crucial role in gaining valuable insights into the generation and evolution mechanisms of pulsed radiation sources. Owing to the short emission time (∼200 ns) and drastic changes of the pulsed radiation source, it is necessary to acquire projection data within a few nanoseconds in order to achieve clear computed tomography 3D imaging. As a consequence, projection data that can be used for computed tomography image reconstruction at a certain moment are often available for only a few angles. Traditional algorithms employed in the process of reconstructing 3D images with extremely incomplete data may introduce significant distortions and artifacts into the final image. In this paper, we propose an iterative image reconstruction method using cylindrical harmonic decomposition and a self-supervised denoising network algorithm based on the deep image prior method. We augment the prior information with a 2D total variation prior and a 3D deep image prior. Single-wire Z-pinch imaging experiments have been carried out at Qin-1 facility in five views and four frames, with a time resolution of 3 ns for each frame and a time interval of 40 ns between adjacent frames. Both numerical simulations and experiments verify that our proposed algorithm can achieve high-quality reconstruction results and obtain the 3D intensity distribution and evolution of extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray emission from plasma.

钙钛矿太阳能电池仅用十年左右的时间将效率提升至认证的26.1%，非常接近晶硅太阳能电池26.81%的认证效率，展现出巨大的产业化潜力。当前，钙钛矿太阳能电池器件效率还在提升，然而在器件制备过程中，钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能受到许多不可分割的因素影响，传统方法往往采用试错的方式来优化钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备工艺，花费了大量的时间。贝叶斯优化是一种全局优化算法，在解决人工智能的黑盒问题方面取得了很大的成功。本文利用贝叶斯优化算法对钙钛矿层涉及到的碘化铅（PbI₂）过量百分比、退火温度、退火时间、真空萃取时间四个工艺参数进行优化选择，显著降低了研发成本，缩短了研发时间。通过五轮实验迭代，累计34组工艺条件，制备出了器件效率为23.56%的反型钙钛矿太阳能电池。

结合理论分析与实验测试，研究了在可见光脉冲输入条件下频率以及第二片微通道板与阳极之间电势差对微通道板光电倍增管动态范围的影响。研究结果表明：随着信号光脉冲频率的增大，微通道板壁面电荷补充不充分致使阳极输出偏离线性，并逐渐趋于饱和。当输入可见光脉冲宽度为50 ns，频率为500 Hz时，阳极的最大线性输出达到2 V（即40 mA）；当输入光频率增加到1 000 Hz，阳极输出在1 V（即20 mA）时线性偏离程度达到10%以上；当输入光频率增加到5 000 Hz，阳极输出在0.3 V（即6 mA）时线性偏离程度达到约15%。随着第二片微通道板与阳极之间电势差的增大，阳极最大线性输出电压呈现波动性变化而非与其呈线性关系。当第二片微通道板与阳极之间的电势差在200 V左右时，阳极线性输出电压达到峰值，随着电势差不断增大，阳极线性输出电压开始出现波动，在电势差为500 V左右时达到第二个峰值，这主要是由于极板间电场强度与空间电荷效应共同作用的结果。该研究可为提升微通道板光电倍增管的动态范围提供指导，便于其应用于强辐射脉冲测量、激光通信等领域。

液体活检技术的兴起为黑色素瘤的快速、准确诊断提供了新的机遇。然而，普通循环肿瘤细胞活检基于上皮黏附蛋白进行阳性富集，但信号标记的有机荧光探针存在量子效率低的问题，导致检测黑色素瘤循环肿瘤细胞时准确率和灵敏度较低。本文以高量子效率的金属卤化物钙钛矿量子点作为信号标记物，以黑色素瘤来源的外泌体作为生物识别分子，构建了一种用于黑色素瘤液体活检的循环肿瘤细胞检测新策略。与商品化的上皮细胞黏附蛋白富集策略相比，本研究报道的复合探针检测新策略，其检测灵敏度提高了一个数量级，并且具有良好的亲水性和低毒性。实验结果证明了外泌体引导的金属卤化物钙钛矿量子点指示的黑色素瘤循环肿瘤细胞检测新策略具有理想的应用前景。

准确地探测和测量磁场，特别是极弱磁场(nT级以下)，对理解物理世界可以起到更好的辅助作用。随着量子传感、信息、仪器仪表等技术的发展，原子磁场测量技术成为新一代超高灵敏磁场测量技术的发展方向。综述了原子磁强计中信号测量、调制方法、研究进展、设计方案以及实际应用的情况。首先介绍了近年来国内外原子磁强计的研究现状；其次阐述了全光法原子磁强计的基本原理；接着详细讲解了弱磁信号检测原理，并对不同的调制方法进行了比较；最后对弱磁信号高灵敏度的检测在今后的改进方向、应用领域和所面临的挑战进行了展望。